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// 1. Fixed Size Types
bool isTrue = true;
int8 number1 = 12;
uint number2 = 12;
address address = 0x.....;
bytes32 name1 = "name1";

// 2. Dynamic Size Types
string name2 = "name2";
bytes name1 = "name1";
uint[] array = [1,2,3,4,5];

mapping(uint => string) list1;
list1[3] = "value3";

mapping(uint => address) list2;
list2[4] = address;

mapping(uint => Human) list3;

// 3. User Defined Value Types
struct Human {
  uint ID;
  string name;
  string surname;
  uint age;
  address address;
}

Human person1;
person1.ID = 2121212212121;
person1.name = "firstname";
person1.surname = "lastname";
person1.age = 25;
person1.address = 0x.....;


enum trafficLights {
  RED,
  YELLOW,
  GREEN
} 

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// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Variables {

    // State Variables

    string public bestClub = "itu blockchain";
    uint256 public founded = 2018;
    bool private rich = false;

    function showLocalVariables() public pure returns (uint) {
        // Local Variables
        uint number = 17;
        return number;
    }

    function showGlobalVariablesBlockNumber() public view returns (uint) {
        return block.number;
    }

    function showBlockVariablesMsgSender() public view returns (address) {
        return msg.sender;
    }

    function add(int256 _number) public pure returns (int256) {
        // Local Variables
        int256 minus = -1;
        int256 lucky = 33;

        return _number + minus + lucky;
    }
    
    // Global Variables
    // block.difficulty (uint)	Current block difficulty
    // block.gaslimit (uint)	Current block gaslimit
    // block.number (uint)	Current block number
    // block.timestamp (uint)	Current block timestamp as seconds since unix epoch
    // msg.data (bytes calldata)	Complete calldata
    // msg.sender (address payable)
}

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contract View {
    uint x = 7;

    function show()
        public
        view
        returns(uint)
    {
        return x;
    }
}

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contract Pure {
    function add(uint x, uint y)
        public
        pure
        returns(uint)
    {
        return x + y;
    }
}

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// Functions
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Functions {

   // doğrudan erişebiliyorsun
   uint public luckyNumber1 = 3;

   uint luckyNumber = 7;

   function showNumber() public view returns(uint) {
      return luckyNumber;
   }

   function setNumber( uint _newNumber) public {
      luckyNumber = _newNumber;
   }

   function nothing() public pure returns(uint, bool, bool) {
      return (5, true, false);
   }

   function nothing2() public pure returns(uint x, bool y, bool z) {
      // değişkenler tanımlandığı için return kullanmaya gerek yok
      x = 5;
      y = true;
      z = false;
   }
}

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// Function Modifiers
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Functions {
    
   //View

   uint public number = 3;

   function addToX(uint y) public view returns(uint){
      return number + y;
   }

   function addAndView(uint a, uint b) public view returns (uint) {
      return a * (b + 42) + block.timestamp;
   }

   //Pure

   function addAndPure(uint a, uint b) public pure returns (uint) {
      return a * (b + 42);
   }

   function hello() pure public returns(string memory) {
      return 'Hello World!';
   }

}

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// Function Visibility
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Functions {
    
   // Public, External, Internal, Private
   // Public: Bu fonksiyonu hem dışarıdan kullanıcılar çağırabilir hemde kontrat çağırabilir

   function add(uint a, uint b) public pure returns(uint){
      return a + b;
   }

   function add2(uint c, uint d) public pure returns(uint){
      return add(c,d);
   }

   function publicKeyword() public pure returns(string memory) {
      return "Bu bir public fonksiyondur";
   }

   function callPublicKeyword() public pure returns(string memory) {
      return publicKeyword();
   }

   // Private: Bu fonksiyona sadece bu kontrat ulaşabilir. Dışarıdan kimse bu fonksiyona ulaşamaz

   function privateKeyword() private pure returns(string memory) {
      return "Bu bir private fonskiyondur";
   }

   function callPrivateKeyword() public pure returns(string memory) {
      return privateKeyword();
   }

   // Internal: sadece miras alan kontratlar bu fonksiyonu çağırabilir. Dışarıdan kullanıcı çağıramaz.

   function internalKeyword() internal pure returns(string memory) {
      return "bu bir internal fonskiyondur...";
   }

   function callInternalKeyword() public pure returns(string memory) {
      return internalKeyword();
   }

   // External : Burada ise dışarıdan kullanıcalar çağırabilir fakat kontrat içerisnde çağrılmaz.

   // function externalKeyword() external pure returns(string memory) {
   //     return "bu bir external fonskiyondur...";
   // }

   // function callExternalKeyword() public pure returns(string memory) {
   //     return externalKeyword();
   // }
}

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contract Constructor {
    uint x;

    constructor(uint _x) {
        x = _x;
    }
}

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// Constructor
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Constructor{
    
    string public tokenName;
    uint public totalSupply;

    constructor(string memory name, uint number) {
        tokenName = name;
        totalSupply = number;
    }

    function set(uint number) public {
        totalSupply = number;
    }
}

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// Constant
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Constants {
    
    address public constant MY_ADDRESS = 0x777788889999AaAAbBbbCcccddDdeeeEfFFfCcCc;
    uint public constant MY_UINT = 123;

}

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// Immutable
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Immutable {
    
    address public immutable MY_ADDRESS;
    uint public immutable MY_LUCKYNUMBER;

    constructor(uint _myNumber) {
        MY_ADDRESS = msg.sender;
        MY_LUCKYNUMBER = _myNumber;
    }
}

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// If Else Koşul Yapıları Kontrat Örneği
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract IfElse {
    bytes32 private hashedPassord;
    uint256 private loginCount;

    constructor(string memory _password) {
        hashedPassord = keccak256(abi.encode(_password));
    }

    function login(string memory _password) public returns (bool) {
        if (hashedPassord == keccak256(abi.encode(_password))) {
            loginCount++;
            //loginCount += 1;
            return true;
        } else {
            return false;
        }
        // return (hashedPassord == keccak256(abi.encode(_password)));
    }

    function loginlogin(string memory _password) public view returns (uint256) {
        if (hashedPassord == keccak256(abi.encode(_password))) {
            return 1;
        } else {
            return 0;
        }
        // return (hashedPassord == keccak256(abi.encode(_password)) ? 1 : 0);
    }

    function loginStatus() public view returns (uint256) {
        if (loginCount == 0) {
            return 0;
        } else if (loginCount > 0 && loginCount != 1) {
            return 1;
        } else if (loginCount == 1) {
            return 2;
        } else {
            return 3;
        }
    }

    /*
        && -> ve
        true && false -> false
        || -> veya
        true || false -> true
        >, <, >=, <=
    */
}

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// For - While Döngüleri Kontrat Örneği
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Loops {
    uint256[15] public numbers0;
    uint256[15] public numbers1;
    bool public state = true;
    int256 public num = 0;

    function listByFor() public {
        uint256[15] memory nums = numbers0;

        for (uint256 i = 0; i < nums.length; i++) {
            //if(i == 13) continue;
            //if(i == 14) break;
            nums[i] = i;
        }

        numbers0 = nums;
    }

    function getArr0() public view returns (uint256[15] memory) {
        return numbers0;
    }

    function listByWhile() public {
        uint256 i = 0;
        while (i < numbers1.length) {
            numbers1[i] = i;
            i++;
        }
    }

    function getArr1() public view returns (uint256[15] memory) {
        return numbers1;
    }

    function crashByWhile() public {
        while (state) {
            num++;
            num--;
        }
    }
}

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// Mapping
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Mapping {
    mapping(address => bool) public registered;
    mapping(address => int256) public favNums;

    function register(int256 _favNum) public {
        //require(!registered[msg.sender], "Kullanıcınız daha önce kayıt yaptı.");
        require(!isRegistered(), "Kullaniciniz daha once kayit yapti.");
        registered[msg.sender] = true;
        favNums[msg.sender] = _favNum;
    }

    function isRegistered() public view returns (bool) {
        return registered[msg.sender];
    }

    function deleteRegistered() public {
        require(isRegistered(), "Kullaniciniz kayitli degil.");
        delete (registered[msg.sender]);
        delete (favNums[msg.sender]);
    }
}

contract NestedMapping {
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) public debts;

    function incDebt(address _borrower, uint256 _amount) public {
        debts[msg.sender][_borrower] += _amount;
    }

    function decDebt(address _borrower, uint256 _amount) public {
        require(debts[msg.sender][_borrower] >= _amount, "Not enough debt.");
        debts[msg.sender][_borrower] -= _amount;
    }

    function getDebt(address _borrower) public view returns (uint256) {
        return debts[msg.sender][_borrower];
    }
}

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// Struct and Enum
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract StructEnum {

    enum Status {
        Taken, // 0
        Preparing, // 1
        Boxed, // 2
        Shipped // 3
    }

    struct Order {
        address customer;
        string zipCode;
        uint256[] products;
        Status status;
    }

    Order[] public orders;
    address public owner;

    constructor() {
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    function createOrder(string memory _zipCode, uint256[] memory _products) external returns(uint256) {
        require(_products.length > 0, "No products.");

        Order memory order;
        order.customer = msg.sender;
        order.zipCode = _zipCode;
        order.products = _products;
        order.status = Status.Taken;
        orders.push(order);

        // orders.push(
        //     Order({
        //         customer: msg.sender,
        //         zipCode: _zipCode,
        //         products: _products,
        //         status: Status.Taken
        //     })
        // );

        // orders.push(Order(msg.sender, _zipCode, _products, Status.Taken));
        
        return orders.length - 1; // 0 1 2 3
    }

    function advanceOrder(uint256 _orderId) external {
        require(owner == msg.sender, "You are not authorized.");
        require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");

        Order storage order = orders[_orderId];
        require(order.status != Status.Shipped, "Order is already shipped.");

        if (order.status == Status.Taken) {
            order.status = Status.Preparing;
        } else if (order.status == Status.Preparing) {
            order.status = Status.Boxed;
        } else if (order.status == Status.Boxed) {
            order.status = Status.Shipped;
        }
    }

    function getOrder(uint256 _orderId) external view returns (Order memory) {
        require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");
        
        /*
        Order memory order = orders[_orderId];
        return order;
        */

        return orders[_orderId];
    }

    function updateZip(uint256 _orderId, string memory _zip) external {
        require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");
        Order storage order = orders[_orderId];
        require(order.customer == msg.sender, "You are not the owner of the order.");
        order.zipCode = _zip;
    }

}

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// Modifiers
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
//@notice it's advanced version of previous parts example
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Modifier {

    enum Status {
        Taken,
        Preparing,
        Boxed,
        Shipped
    }

    struct Order {
        address customer;
        string zipCode;
        uint256[] products;
        Status status;
    }

    Order[] public orders;
    address public owner;
    uint256 public txCount;

    constructor() {
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    function createOrder(string memory _zipCode, uint256[] memory _products) checkProducts(_products) incTx external returns(uint256) {
        // require(_products.length > 0, "No products.");

        Order memory order;
        order.customer = msg.sender;
        order.zipCode = _zipCode;
        order.products = _products;
        order.status = Status.Taken;
        orders.push(order);
        
        return orders.length - 1;
    }

    function advanceOrder(uint256 _orderId) checkOrderId(_orderId) onlyOwner external {
        // require(owner == msg.sender, "You are not authorized.");
        // require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");

        Order storage order = orders[_orderId];
        require(order.status != Status.Shipped, "Order is already shipped.");

        if (order.status == Status.Taken) {
            order.status = Status.Preparing;
        } else if (order.status == Status.Preparing) {
            order.status = Status.Boxed;
        } else if (order.status == Status.Boxed) {
            order.status = Status.Shipped;
        }
    }

    function getOrder(uint256 _orderId) checkOrderId(_orderId) external view returns (Order memory) {
        // require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");
    
        return orders[_orderId];
    }

    function updateZip(uint256 _orderId, string memory _zip) checkOrderId(_orderId) onlyCustomer(_orderId) incTx external {
        // require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");
        Order storage order = orders[_orderId];
        // require(order.customer == msg.sender, "You are not the owner of the order.");
        order.zipCode = _zip;
    }

    modifier checkProducts(uint256[] memory _products) {
        require(_products.length > 0, "No products.");
        _;
    }

    modifier checkOrderId(uint256 _orderId) {
        require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");
        _;
    }

    modifier incTx {
        _;
        txCount++;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        require(owner == msg.sender, "You are not authorized.");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyCustomer(uint256 _orderId) {
        require(orders[_orderId].customer == msg.sender, "You are not the owner of the order.");
        _;
    }

}

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// Events
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
//@notice it's advanced version of previous parts example
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Events {

    enum Status {
        Taken,
        Preparing,
        Boxed,
        Shipped
    }

    struct Order {
        address customer;
        string zipCode;
        uint256[] products;
        Status status;
    }

    Order[] public orders;
    address public owner;
    uint256 public txCount;

    event OrderCreated(uint256 _orderId, address indexed _consumer);
    event ZipChanged(uint256 _orderId, string _zipCode);

    constructor() {
        owner = msg.sender;
    }

    function createOrder(string memory _zipCode, uint256[] memory _products) checkProducts(_products) incTx external returns(uint256) {
        Order memory order;
        order.customer = msg.sender;
        order.zipCode = _zipCode;
        order.products = _products;
        order.status = Status.Taken;
        orders.push(order);
        
        emit OrderCreated(orders.length - 1, msg.sender);

        return orders.length - 1;
    }

    function advanceOrder(uint256 _orderId) checkOrderId(_orderId) onlyOwner external {
        Order storage order = orders[_orderId];
        require(order.status != Status.Shipped, "Order is already shipped.");

        if (order.status == Status.Taken) {
            order.status = Status.Preparing;
        } else if (order.status == Status.Preparing) {
            order.status = Status.Boxed;
        } else if (order.status == Status.Boxed) {
            order.status = Status.Shipped;
        }
    }

    function getOrder(uint256 _orderId) checkOrderId(_orderId) external view returns (Order memory) {
        return orders[_orderId];
    }

    function updateZip(uint256 _orderId, string memory _zip) checkOrderId(_orderId) onlyCustomer(_orderId) incTx external {
        Order storage order = orders[_orderId];
        order.zipCode = _zip;

        emit ZipChanged(_orderId, _zip);
    }

    modifier checkProducts(uint256[] memory _products) {
        require(_products.length > 0, "No products.");
        _;
    }

    modifier checkOrderId(uint256 _orderId) {
        require(_orderId < orders.length, "Not a valid order id.");
        _;
    }

    modifier incTx {
        _;
        txCount++;
    }

    modifier onlyOwner {
        require(owner == msg.sender, "You are not authorized.");
        _;
    }

    modifier onlyCustomer(uint256 _orderId) {
        require(orders[_orderId].customer == msg.sender, "You are not the owner of the order.");
        _;
    }

}

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function fName() public payable {
    /// @dev fonksiyonun işlevleri...
}

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function fName() public  {
    payable(0x...).transfer(amount);
}

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receive() external payable {}

fallback() external payable {}

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// Bank.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Bank {
    
    mapping(address => uint ) balances;

    function sendEtherToContract() payable external {
        balances[msg.sender] = msg.value;
    }

    function showBalance() external view returns(uint) {
        return balances[msg.sender];
    }

    function withdraw(address payable to, uint amount) external  {
        // require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount,"yetersiz bakiye");
        to.transfer(amount);
        balances[to] += amount;
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
    }

    function withdrawWithCall(address payable to, uint amount) external returns(bool) {
        (bool sent, bytes memory data) = to.call{value: amount, gas: 424242}("data message");
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
        return sent;
    }

    // Transfer()
    // Revert

    // Send()
    // true, false

    // Call()
    // bool, data

    uint public receiveCount = 0;
    uint public fallbackCount = 0;
    
    receive() external payable {
        receiveCount +=1;
    }

    fallback() external payable {
        fallbackCount += 1;
    }
}

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// Errors.sol
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Errors {
    uint256 public totalBalance;
    mapping(address => uint256) public userBalances;

    error ExceedingAmount(address user, uint256 exceedingAmount);
    error Deny(string reason);

    receive() external payable {
        revert Deny("No direct payments.");
    }

    fallback() external payable {
        revert Deny("No direct payments.");
    }

    function pay() noZero(msg.value) external payable {
        require(msg.value == 1 ether, "Only payments in 1 ether");

        totalBalance += 1 ether; // 1e18
        userBalances[msg.sender] += 1 ether; // 10000...0000
    }

    function withdraw(uint256 _amount) noZero(_amount) external {
        uint256 initalBalance = totalBalance;

        //require(userBalances[msg.sender] >= _amount, "Insufficient balance.");

        if(userBalances[msg.sender] < _amount) {
            //revert("Insufficient balance.");
            revert ExceedingAmount(msg.sender, _amount - userBalances[msg.sender]);
        }

        totalBalance -= _amount;
        userBalances[msg.sender] -= _amount;
        // address => address payable
        payable(msg.sender).transfer(_amount); // Doğrudan transfer methodunu çağrılırsa bir Re-Entrancy güvenlik açığı doğar. Bir fonksiyonu dışarıdan çağırmadan önce kendi kontratımızda yapılması gereken tüm değişikliklerin yapılması gerekiyor. Bu nedenle burada balance değişiklikleri yapılıyor.

        assert(totalBalance < initalBalance);
    }

    modifier noZero(uint256 _amount) {
        require(_amount != 0);
        _;
    }

}

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// Library.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

library Math {

    function plus(uint x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        return x + y;
    }

    function minus(uint x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        return x - y;
    }
    
    function multi(uint x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        return x * y;
    }

    function divide(uint x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        require(y != 0,"bu sayisi begenmedim!");
        return x / y;
    }

    function min(uint x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        if( x <= y){
            return x;
        }else {
            return y;
        }
    }

    function max(uint x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        if( x >= y){
            return x;
        }else {
            return y;
        }
    }

}

library Search {
    function indexOf(uint[] memory list, uint data) public pure returns(uint) {
        for (uint i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
            if (list[i] == data) {
                return i;
            }
        }
        return list.length;
    }
}

contract Library {

    using Math for uint;
    using Search for uint[];

    function trial1(uint[] memory x, uint y) public pure returns(uint) {
        return x.indexOf(y); // Search.indexOf(x,y)  Math.plus(x,y);
    }
    
}

library Human {
    struct Person {
        uint age;
    }

    function birthday(Person storage _person) public {
        _person.age += 1;
    }

    function showAge(Person storage _person) public view returns(uint) {
        return _person.age;
    }
}



contract HumanContract {
    mapping(uint => Human.Person) people;

    function newYear() public {
        Human.birthday(people[0]);
    }

    function show() public view returns(uint) {
        return Human.showAge(people[0]);
    }
}

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function(string memory/calldata parameterString) external {
    string memory/storage bodyString = "";
}

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// DataLocations.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/*
           Kontrat           <----                  Kontrata yapılan çağrı
           -------                                      -------------
    Kontrat depolama alanı           Fonksiyon için ayrılan hafıza ve çağrıdaki data alanı

    memory:          Geçici hafıza
    storage:         Kalıcı hafıza
    calldata:        Çağrıdaki argümanlar

    bytes, string, array, struct

    * Değer tipleri (uint, int, bool, bytes32) kontrat üzerinde storage, 
      fonksiyon içinde memory'dir
    
    * mapping'ler her zaman kontrat üzerinde tanımlanır ve storage'dadır.
*/

struct Student {
    uint8 age;
    uint16 score;
    string name;
}

contract School {
    uint256 totalStudents = 0;              // storage
    mapping(uint256 => Student) students;   // storage

    function addStudent(string calldata name, uint8 age, uint16 score) external {
        uint256 currentId = totalStudents++;
        students[currentId] = Student(age, score, name); 
    }

    function changeStudentInfoStorage(
        uint256 id,                 // memory
        string calldata newName,    // calldata
        uint8 newAge,               // memory
        uint16 newScore             // memory
    ) external {
        Student storage currentStudent = students[id];

        currentStudent.name = newName;
        currentStudent.age = newAge;
        currentStudent.score = newScore;
    }

    /**
        @dev Bu işe yaramayacaktır, çünkü oluşturulan currentStudent ömrü
        fonksiyonun bitişine kadar olan bir değişken ve fonksiyon tamamlandığında
        silinecektir
    */
    function changeStudentInfoMemory(
        uint256 id,                 // memory
        string calldata newName,    // calldata
        uint8 newAge,               // memory
        uint16 newScore             // memory
    ) external {
        Student memory currentStudent = students[id];

        currentStudent.name = newName;
        currentStudent.age = newAge;
        currentStudent.score = newScore;
    }

    function getStudentName(uint256 id) external view returns(string memory) { 
        return students[id].name;
    }
}

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// Inheritance.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract A {
    uint public x;

    uint public y;

    function setX(uint _x) virtual public {
        x = _x;
    }

    function setY(uint _y) virtual public {
        y = _y;
    }
}

// Derived Contract
contract B is A {

    uint public z;

    function setZ(uint _z) public {
        z = _z;
    }

    function setX(uint _x) override public {
        x = _x + 2;
    }

}

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// SuperHuman.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Human {
    function sayHello() public pure virtual returns(string memory) {
        return "itublockchain.com adresi uzerinden kulube uye olabilirsiniz :)";
    }
}

contract SuperHuman is Human {
    function sayHello() public pure override returns(string memory) {
        return "Selamlar itu blockchain uyesi, nasilsin ? :)";
    }

    function welcomeMsg(bool isMember) public pure returns(string memory) {
        return isMember ? sayHello() : super.sayHello();
    }
}

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// Import.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

// import "@openzeppelin/contracts/access/Ownable.sol"; // Method1: import from npm package
import "https://github.com/OpenZeppelin/openzeppelin-contracts/blob/master/contracts/access/Ownable.sol"; // Method2: import from github repository

contract Wallet is Ownable {
    fallback() payable external {}

    function sendEther(address payable to, uint amount) onlyOwner public {
        to.transfer(amount);
    }

    function showBalance() public view returns(uint) {
        return address(this).balance;
    }
}

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//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Interact {
    address public caller;
    mapping(address => uint256) public counts;

    function callThis() external {
        caller = msg.sender;
        counts[msg.sender]++;
    }
}

contract Pay {
    mapping(address => uint256) public userBalances;

    // receive,  fallback

    function payEth(address _payer) external payable {
        userBalances[_payer] += msg.value;
    }
}

// msg.sender -> A (mesaj yollayan: msg.sender) -> B (mesaj yollayan: A adresi)

contract Caller {
    Interact interact;
    
    constructor(address _interactContract) {
        interact = Interact(_interactContract);
    }

    function callInteract() external {
        interact.callThis();
    }

    function readCaller() external view returns (address) {
        return interact.caller();
    }

    function readCallerCount() public view returns (uint256) {
        return interact.counts(msg.sender);
    }
    
    function payToPay(address _payAddress) public payable {
        Pay pay = Pay(_payAddress);
        pay.payEth{value: msg.value}(msg.sender);

        // Pay(_payAddress).payEth{value: msg.value}(msg.sender);
    }

    function sendEthByTransfer() public payable {
        payable(address(interact)).transfer(msg.value);
    }
}

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// Interfaces.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

/*
    Interfaces (Arayüz):
    OOP'deki Polymorphism konseptinin uygulanma biçimlerinden biridir.

    Parent a
    Child1 ac, Child2 ab, Child3 ad

    Araç
    Kamyon, Otomobil, Karavan

    fn tekerlekSayısıAl (Araç a) -> int tekerlekSayısı:
        return a.tekerlekSayısı;

    Sınıflar arasında etkileşim için bir standard oluşturur.
    Solidity'de sınıflar -> kontratlar
*/

contract EthSender {
    function _send(address payable to, uint256 amount) private {
        to.transfer(amount);
    }

    function sendWithStrategy(address strategyAddress) external {
        (address payable to, uint256 amount) = IStrategy(strategyAddress).getAddressAndAmount();
        _send(to, amount);
    }

    receive() external payable { }
}

abstract contract Strategy {
    // Virtual: Benden sonra gelen bu fonksiyonu değiştirebilir
    function getAddressAndAmount() external virtual view returns(address payable, uint256);
}

interface IStrategy {
    function getAddressAndAmount() external view returns(address payable, uint256);
}

contract AddressStrategy1 {
    uint256 constant ETHER_AMOUNT = 0.1 ether;

    function getAddressAndAmount() external pure returns(address payable, uint256) {
        return(payable(0xAb8483F64d9C6d1EcF9b849Ae677dD3315835cb2), ETHER_AMOUNT);
    }
}

contract AddressStrategy2 {
    uint256 constant ETHER_AMOUNT = 0.1 ether;

    function getAddressAndAmountV2() external pure returns(address payable, uint256) {
        uint256 amount = ETHER_AMOUNT * 5;
        return(payable(0xAb8483F64d9C6d1EcF9b849Ae677dD3315835cb2), amount);
    }
}

contract AddressStrategy3 is Strategy {
    uint256 constant ETHER_AMOUNT = 0.1 ether;

    // Override: Benden önce gelen fonksiyonu değiştiriyorum
    function getAddressAndAmount() external pure override returns(address payable, uint256) {
        uint256 amount = ETHER_AMOUNT * 5;
        return(payable(0xAb8483F64d9C6d1EcF9b849Ae677dD3315835cb2), amount);
    }
}

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// Vault.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IToken.sol";

/// @title Vault
/// @notice Allows users to deposit and withdraw any token (?)
contract Vault {
    /// @dev User -> Token -> Balance
    mapping(address => mapping(IToken => uint256)) tokenBalances;

    function depositToken(IToken token, uint256 amount) external {
        token.transferFrom(msg.sender, address(this), amount);
        tokenBalances[msg.sender][token] += amount;
    }

    function withdrawToken(IToken token, uint256 amount) external {
        tokenBalances[msg.sender][token] -= amount;
        token.transfer(msg.sender, amount);
    }

    function getBalanceOf(address user, IToken token) external view returns(uint256) {
        return token.balanceOf(user);
    }
}

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// IToken.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

interface IToken {
    // Fonksiyonlarda override gerekli
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external;
    function transfer(address to, uint256 amount) external;
    function balanceOf(address user) external view returns(uint256);

    // Eventlerde override gerekli değil
    event Transfer(address indexed from, address indexed to, uint256 amount);
}

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// TokenA.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IToken.sol";

contract TokenA is IToken {
    uint256 constant private OWNER_BALANCE = 1000 * 10**18;

    mapping(address => uint256) balances;

    // Allower -> Allowee -> Amount
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) allowances;

    constructor() {
        balances[msg.sender] = OWNER_BALANCE;
    }

    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external override {
        require(recipient != address(0), "XFER_TO_ZERO");
        require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount, "INSUFFICENT_BAL");
    
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[recipient] += amount;

        emit Transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
    } 

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external override {
        require(to != address(0), "XFER_TO_ZERO");
        require(allowances[from][msg.sender] >= amount, "INSUFFICIENT_ALLOWANCE");
        require(balances[from] >= amount, "INSUFFICENT_BALANCE");

        allowances[from][msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[from] -= amount;
        balances[to] += amount;
    }

    function increaseAllowance(address recipient, uint256 amount) external {
        require(recipient != address(0), "APPR_TO_ZERO");
        allowances[msg.sender][recipient] += amount;
    }

    function decreaseAllowance(address recipient, uint256 amount) external {
        require(recipient != address(0), "APPR_TO_ZERO");
        allowances[msg.sender][recipient] -= amount;
    }

    function balanceOf(address user) external view override returns(uint256) {
        return balances[user];
    }
}

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// TokenB.sol
// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

import "./IToken.sol";

contract TokenB is IToken{
    uint256 constant private OWNER_BALANCE = 1000 * 10**18;

    mapping(address => uint256) balances;

    // Allower -> Allowee -> Amount
    mapping(address => mapping(address => uint256)) allowances;

    constructor() {
        balances[msg.sender] = OWNER_BALANCE;
    }

    function transfer(address recipient, uint256 amount) external override {
        require(recipient != address(0), "XFER_TO_ZERO");
        require(balances[msg.sender] >= amount, "INSUFFICENT_BAL");
    
        balances[msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[recipient] += amount;

        emit Transfer(msg.sender, recipient, amount);
    }

    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 amount) external override {
        require(to != address(0), "XFER_TO_ZERO");
        require(allowances[from][msg.sender] >= amount, "INSUFFICIENT_ALLOWANCE");
        require(balances[from] >= amount, "INSUFFICENT_BALANCE");

        allowances[from][msg.sender] -= amount;
        balances[from] -= amount;
        balances[to] += amount;
    }

    function increaseAllowance(address recipient, uint256 amount) external {
        require(recipient != address(0), "APPR_TO_ZERO");
        allowances[msg.sender][recipient] += amount;
    }

    function decreaseAllowance(address recipient, uint256 amount) external {
        require(recipient != address(0), "APPR_TO_ZERO");
        allowances[msg.sender][recipient] -= amount;
    }

    function balanceOf(address user) external view override returns(uint256) {
        return balances[user];
    }
}

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_contract.call(abi.encodeWithSignature("inc(uint256, string)", _amount, _incrementer));

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uint256 _total = abi.decode(res, (uint256));

1

(bool err,) = _contract.call{value: msg.value}("");

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// Call.sol
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract Test {
    uint256 public total = 0;
    uint256 public fallbackCalled = 0;
    string public incrementer;

    fallback() external payable {
        fallbackCalled += 1;
    }

    function inc(uint256 _amount, string memory _incrementer) external returns(uint256) {
        total += _amount;
        incrementer = _incrementer;

        return total;
    } 
}

contract Caller {
    
    function testCall(address _contract, uint256 _amount, string memory _incrementer) external returns (bool, uint256) {
       (bool err, bytes memory res) = _contract.call(abi.encodeWithSignature("inc(uint256, string)", _amount, _incrementer));
        uint256 _total = abi.decode(res, (uint256));
        return (err, _total);
    }

    function payToFallback(address _contract) external payable {
        (bool err,) = _contract.call{value: msg.value}("");

        if(!err) revert();
    }
}

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// Factory Contract
//SPDX-License-Identifier: Unlicensed
pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract VaultFactory {
    mapping(address => Vault[]) public userVaults;

    function createVault() external {
        Vault vault = new Vault(msg.sender);
        userVaults[msg.sender].push(vault);
    }

    function createVaultWithPayment() external payable {
        Vault vault = (new Vault){value: msg.value}(msg.sender);
        userVaults[msg.sender].push(vault);
    }
}

contract Vault {
    address public owner;
    uint256 private balance;

    constructor(address _owner) payable {
        owner = _owner;
        balance += msg.value;
    }

    fallback() external payable {
        balance += msg.value;
    }

    receive() external payable {
        balance += msg.value;
    }

    function getBalance() external view returns (uint256) {
        return balance;
    }

    function deposit() external payable {
        balance += msg.value;
    }

    function withdraw(uint256 _amount) external {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "You are not authorized.");
        balance -= _amount;
        payable(owner).transfer(_amount);
    }
}